Cervical Mucus Method 
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Cervical Mucus Method
Education, Information & Products for Husbands and Wives

Natural Birth Control Methods

What is the Cervical Mucus Method of Natural Birth Control?

This method involves looking at the discharge or cervical mucus during your monthly cycle. During different stages of your cycle, your cervical mucus will change in various ways.

The cervical mucus can be retrieved by inserting a finger (index) into the vagina and bringing out the cervical mucus. Some women do have luck with simply using tissue (wiping) or just inserting their finger. The majority of women will have better results if they circle around the cervix or as deep as possible, and hook their finger while bringing the cervical mucus out. This will allow you to gather as much of the cervical mucus as possible. If you just insert your finger, you may only gather the wetness of the actual cervical mucus.

After you retrieve the cervical mucus, put your index (with the cervical mucus) against your thumb and separate the fingers slowly. If you notice the cervical mucus just globbing to one finger, you are not ovulating. If the cervical mucus is very stretchable and clear, you are probably near or at your ovulation phase.

The cervical mucus will appear clear, slippery, and be very stretchable. It should resemble a raw egg white. This cervical mucus will usually stretch 1 to 2 inches between your fingers before globbing to one finger.

As you can see, the cervical mucus changes back to cloudy after ovulation has occurred. Some women may ovulate one to two days wherein the cervical mucus very clear, slippery and "stretchable."  Other women may only ovulate a few hours in one day. These women may have problems conceiving due to the short amount of ovulation time. The cervical mucus in a woman that only ovulates a couple of hours may be clear, slippery and very stretchable in the morning or night and then change to cloudy a couple of hours later. If you are experiencing cervical mucus that only lasts a couple of hours, you may be able to conceive if you have intercourse during the "peak" hours of your ovulation phase.

If you are not able to retrieve or see any cervical mucus, you may not be inserting your finger deep enough, not ovulating, on a medication that changes the vaginal environment (dry), or you may be over 35.

You should first try to insert your finger deeper into the vagina to extract cervical mucus. If this does not work, you may have to use another method to try and conceive. You may consider BBT (basal body) temperature method, tes tape, or ovulation predictor kits.

You should ask your doctor about medication(s) you are on and how they may affect vaginal secretions. If possible get off of the medication before trying to conceive or change medications. You may find that another medication will not affect the vaginal environment.

If you are near the age of 35, the vaginal environment tends to become dry and with the appearance of no cervical mucus. You should try using another method to conceive. You may consider BBT (basal body temperature method) tes tape, or ovulation predictor kits.

If the cervical mucus is not changing during your cycle, you may need to gather more of it, look closely at small changes, and check more often. The cervical mucus method does not work for all women. You may need to change to another method to help conceive. You may consider BBT (basal body) temperature method, tes tape, or ovulation predictor kits.

What is the Sympto Thermal Method of Natural Birth Control?

What is the Sympto-Thermal Method? 

The Sympto Thermal Method of natural birth control is a very natural and predictable way to either achieve or avoid pregnancy. The Sympto Thermal Method does not involve the use of any chemicals (birth control pills, vaginal creams or gels), mechanical/barriers (male or female condoms, IUD's or diaphragms) or surgical interventions (male or female sterilization). 

This method uses the basic counting from one period to the next period on a calendar. To find your ovulation time based on this method, you will need to record your menstrual cycle information for a couple of cycles. If you are trying to avoid pregnancy, you should note that this method has a 20% failure rate. This means you could get pregnant.

**There are many variations to figuring your cycle length, but most come up with the same ending result.**

Begin with the second day of your bleeding period. Count the days to the start of your next bleeding period. You should include the day of your next period. Or you can count from the first day of your bleeding period to the day before your next period. This is not including the day of your next period. Both of these counting methods would result in the same answer.

Look at the chart below. This chart is an example of a 28-day cycle that has a 5 day bleeding period. The red numbers are the bleeding period.

**Note: If you count from the first day of your period, the day that menstrual bleeding begins, this is Day 1.  Continue counting the days to until your/your wife's next period (which includes the day of the next period) you are adding on one extra day to your cycle. This is incorrect.** Click here if you want to know why this would be incorrect.

Usually a woman, who has a 28-day cycle, will ovulate around the 14^th day. If your cycle is shorter or longer than this, you do not always ovulate on the 14^th day. Many pregnancies that were unplanned are due to the fact that women believe everyone's ovulation day is on the 14^th day. This is not true.

What is the Basal Body Temperature method of Natural Birth Control?

The temperature method, also known as Basal Body Temperature, The Basal Body Temperature method, is a natural way to either avoid or achieve pregnancy.

First you will need to by a "basal body temperature" thermometer. These thermometers are very accurate and measure the smallest degree of change in temperature. The regular thermometers used for taking temperature will not work because you have to see how the temperature is changing in tenths of a degree (like 97.4, 98.5, 99.2) not by a full point (like 97, 98, 99). 

Instructions for using the basal body thermometer:

1. Take your temperature consistently, at the same time, in your preferred method, either orally, vaginally or rectally.  It is very important that this same method, and time be followed every day!  

2. Do not eat, drink, or smoke before taking your temperature.

3. After getting out of bed or while still laying in bed, is the best time to take your temperature.

4. Chart the results. After you take your temperature, put a dot on the BBT chart that came with your thermometer. 

5. You will note that your ovulation time will be between the sharp drop and quick rise in temperature. Some say that ovulation is at the point when it drops and some say it is at the point when it is rising.

What is the Birth Control Sponge?

The Birth Control Sponge is a donut-shaped polyurethane device containing spermicide and a woven polyester loop that hangs down into the vagina for removal. Note: In 1995, the sponge was taken off the market in the United States by its manufacturer. The Birth Control Sponge is currently available in Canada and expected to return to the U.S. market soon.

How is the Birth Control Sponge inserted and used?

The Birth Control Sponge can be inserted by the husband or wife, insuring that the sponge is inserted deep enough into her/your vagina - and insuring the sponge covers the cervix. The Birth Control Sponge can be left in place for 24 hours and multiple acts of intercourse; however, it must be left in the vagina for 6 hours after the last act of intercourse.

Instructions for Inserting the Birth Control Sponge 

1.  Remove sponge from package and wet it thoroughly with clean water.

2.  Squeeze the sponge until it foams completely, to activate the spermicide. There is more than enough spermicide in the sponge, so squeeze until it foams generously while adding plenty of water, but stop squeezing after it begins foaming

3. Fold the sides of the sponge upward and insert it deeply in your/her vagina making sure it covers the cervix.

4. The birth control sponge can be inserted up to 24 hours prior to intercourse and provides immediate and continuous contraception during this period, regardless of the frequency of intercourse.

5. The birth control sponge should be left in place for six hours after the last act of intercourse but no longer than 30 hours after insertion.

6. You/your wife may swim or tub bathe with the birth control sponge properly placed in your/her vagina. 

NOTE:  Strenuous activity and some sexual activity could dis-lodge the proper placement of the birth control sponge inside your/her vagina. 

7. Do not use the birth control sponge during your menstrual period. Another method of birth control should be used during this time.

8. The birth control sponge should be removed by grasping the loop that is attached to the back of the sponge. Do not attempt to pull on the sponge, as it may fragment.

Does the Birth Control Sponge protect against STDs?

No.

Does the Birth Control Sponge protect against pregnancy?

Yes.

What are the chances of getting pregnant while using a sponge?

Typical use: 20%

Perfect use: 9%

What are the advantages to using the Birth Control Sponge?

The Birth Control Sponge protects for 24 hours and multiple acts of intercourse during that time. Many couples find it more exciting, and helps her arousal if the husband inserts the birth control sponge prior to intercourse.

Are there any disadvantages to using the Birth Control Sponge?

The Birth Control Sponge must not be left in the vagina for more than 30 hours or the female runs the risk of toxic shock syndrome.

What, and Where is a Woman's Cervix?

The cervix is the opening to the uterus, located about 4 inches inside a woman's vagina and it is through the cervical opening that a woman's menstrual fluids pass each month, as well as the opening through which sperm travel through to reach an egg at which time, if implantation in the uterus occurs, a pregnancy begins and a new baby begins growing. At the time of childbirth, the cervix begins to dilate, or expand, to allow the baby to move from the uterus, and through and out the vagina. A cervix needs to dilate to about 10 cm before a woman can begin "pushing" the baby out.

What is a "Pap Smear"?

A Pap smear is a test that is done to check for changes to the cells of the cervix (the neck of the womb at the top of a woman's vagina). These changes could be early warning signs of cancer of the cervix. Cervical cancer can develop without any symptoms, so having a Pap smear is usually the only way to find the cancer at an early stage.

Most changes are due to an infection with the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and the changes will go away without treatment, but sometimes the changes are the early stage of cervical cancer. Almost all women who develop cervical cancer have had an HPV infection, but only a very few go on to develop cervical cancer.

If the early stages of cervical cancer are picked up, simple treatment will usually prevent cancer developing further. Without early treatment, cancer of the cervix can develop into a very serious problem. Cancer of the cervix is a common cause of death in women who live in developing countries where Pap smears are not available.

Women are advised to have a Pap smear within 2 years of first sexual intercourse, and then every 2 years after that.

How is a Pap Smear Performed?

To have a Pap smear, you need to book in to see a doctor and this is usually done at the annual gynecological exam with the regular vulvovaginal exam. The Pap Smear is a very simple procedure, with little to no pain or discomfort.

You are in a private examination room, in the usual gynecological exam position, with your feet in stirrups, and the doctor positioned between your feet, with a lamp so he can view your vulva and look for any changes or abnormalities on and in the vulva.   

After the doctor completes the external exam, he/she will palpate and feel your ovaries and uterus and feel for anything unusual.  

The Pap Smear starts with the doctor inserting an instrument called a vaginal speculum into the vagina, so that the labia can be separated and he/she can easily view your cervix. This part may cause some discomfort, but should not hurt. 

A sample of the cervical cells is collected on a brush that the doctor brushes across your cervix which he then spreads or 'smears' on a glass slide. The cells on the slide are sent to a laboratory where they are looked at, and a report is sent to the doctor or nurse within one to two weeks. 

Women are asked to return to see the doctor or nurse for their results. Sometimes this may not be possible, and they might be able to phone for the results.

An 'Abnormal' Pap Smear Result:

Usually the results are normal, but sometimes some of the cells on the surface of the cervix differ from normal cells.

Often these changes are only minor, and the doctor or nurse will recommend that the woman has another Pap smear within a few months to see if further changes develop, or if the cells return to normal, which they often do.

Sometimes there are changes that may be the sign of a disease, such as an infection, or the changes might suggest that a cancer could be developing. If needed, the woman will be referred to a specialist doctor for further investigation and treatment.

Note: Pap smears are usually recommended every two years, but if you have any unusual vaginal bleeding or discharge, see your doctor as soon as possible.

Causes of cancer of the cervix (cervical cancer)

The causes of cervical cancer are not known, but some things do increase the risk of getting it. The risk increases with age, but it can occur in quite young women (over the age of about 30 years).

Almost all women who develop cancer of the cervix have been infected by the human papilloma virus (wart virus). There are over 200 types of Human Papillomaviruses. A few cause genital warts (see the topic Genital warts), but these viruses are not linked to cervical cancer. Only 3 types of HPV are linked to cervical cancer. 

The HPV virus is sexually transmitted, and the risk of picking up the virus increases with the number of partners that a woman, or a woman's partner, has had. Barrier methods of contraception, such as the condom, do not seem to affect the likelihood of getting an HPV infection.

Another risk factor is smoking - women who smoke cigarettes are about twice as likely to get cervical cancer as women who don't smoke.

What is cervical cancer?

Cancer is a disease in which certain body cells don't function right, divide very fast, and produce too much tissue that forms a tumor. Cervical cancer is cancer in the cervix, the lower, narrow part of the uterus (womb). The uterus is the hollow, pear-shaped organ where a baby grows during a woman's pregnancy. The cervix forms a canal that opens into the vagina (birth canal), which leads to the outside of the body.

If the Pap test finds serious changes in the cells of the cervix, the doctor will suggest more powerful tests such as a colposcopy. In this procedure, the doctor uses a tool called a colposcope to see the cells of the vagina and cervix in detail.

If there are still some concerns of precancerous cells, the doctor may use the LUMA Cervical Imaging System. The doctor uses this device right after a colposcopy. This system, recently approved by the FDA, shines a light on the cervix and looks at how different areas of the cervix respond to this light. It gives a score to tiny areas of the cervix. It then makes a color map that helps the doctor decide where to further test the tissue with a biopsy. The colors and patterns on the map help the doctor tell between healthy tissue and tissue that might be diseased.

Why should I be concerned about cervical cancer?

Cervical cancer is a disease that can be very serious. However, it is a disease that you can help prevent. Cervical cancer occurs when normal cells in the cervix change into cancer cells. This normally takes several years to happen, but it can also happen in a very short period of time. The good news is that there are ways to help prevent cervical cancer. By getting regular Pap tests and pelvic exams, your health care provider can find and treat the changing cells before they turn into cancer.

Where can I learn more about cervical cancer?

The National Cancer Institute (NCI) is the federal government's authority on cervical cancer. Contact them at 800-4-CANCER (800-422-6237) or go to the following web site: http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/wyntk/cervix

More about Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the cervix.

The cervix is the lower, narrow end of the uterus (the hollow, pear-shaped organ where a fetus grows). The cervix leads from the uterus to the vagina (birth canal).

Cervical cancer usually develops slowly over time. Before cancer appears in the cervix, the cells of the cervix go through changes known as dysplasia, in which cells that are not normal begin to appear in the cervical tissue. Later, cancer cells start to grow and spread more deeply into the cervix and to surrounding areas. 

Cervical cancer in children is rare. For more information, see the PDQ summary on Unusual Cancers of Childhood.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the major risk factor for development of cervical cancer.

Infection of the cervix with human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common cause of cervical cancer. Not all women with HPV infection, however, will develop cervical cancer. Women who do not regularly have a Pap smear to detect HPV or abnormal cells in the cervix are at increased risk of cervical cancer.

Other possible risk factors include the following: 

Giving birth to many children. 
Having many sexual partners. 
Having first sexual intercourse at a young age. 
Smoking cigarettes. 
Oral contraceptive use ("the Pill"). 
Weakened immune system. 
There are usually no noticeable signs of early cervical cancer but it can be detected early with yearly check-ups.

Early cervical cancer may not cause noticeable signs or symptoms. Women should have yearly check-ups, including a Pap smear to check for abnormal cells in the cervix. The prognosis (chance of recovery) is better when the cancer is found early.

Possible signs of cervical cancer include vaginal bleeding and pelvic pain.

These and other symptoms may be caused by cervical cancer. Other conditions may cause the same symptoms. A doctor should be consulted if any of the following problems occur:

Vaginal bleeding. 
Unusual vaginal discharge. 
Pelvic pain. 
Pain during sexual intercourse. 
Tests that examine the cervix are used to detect (find) and diagnose cervical cancer.

The following procedures may be used:

Pap smear: A procedure to collect cells from the surface of the cervix and vagina. A piece of cotton, a brush, or a small wooden stick is used to gently scrape cells from the cervix and vagina. The cells are viewed under a microscope to find out if they are abnormal. This procedure is also called a Pap test. 

Colposcopy: A procedure to look inside the vagina and cervix for abnormal areas. A colposcope (a thin, lighted tube) is inserted through the vagina into the cervix. Tissue samples may be taken for biopsy. 

Biopsy: If abnormal cells are found in a Pap smear, the doctor may do a biopsy. A sample of tissue is cut from the cervix and viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer. A biopsy that removes only a small amount of tissue is usually done in the doctor’s office. A woman may need to go to a hospital for a cervical cone biopsy (removal of a larger, cone-shaped sample of cervical tissue). 

Pelvic exam: An exam of the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and rectum. The doctor inserts one or two lubricated, gloved fingers of one hand into the vagina and the other hand is placed over the lower abdomen to feel the size, shape, and position of the uterus and ovaries. A vaginal speculum is also inserted into the vagina and the doctor looks at the vagina and cervix for signs of disease. A Pap test or Pap smear of the cervix is usually done. The doctor also inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the rectum to feel for lumps or abnormal areas. 

Endocervical curettage: A procedure to collect cells or tissue from the cervical canal using a curette (spoon-shaped instrument). Tissue samples may be taken for biopsy. This procedure is sometimes done at the same time as a colposcopy. 

Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.

The prognosis (chance of recovery) depends on the following:

The stage of the cancer (whether it affects part of the cervix, involves the whole cervix, or has spread to the lymph nodes or other places in the body).
The type of cervical cancer.
The size of the tumor. 

Treatment options depend on the following:

The stage of the cancer.
The size of the tumor.
The patient's desire to have children.
The patient’s age. 

Treatment of cervical cancer during pregnancy depends on the stage of the cancer and the stage of the pregnancy. For cervical cancer found early or for cancer found during the last trimester of pregnancy, treatment may be delayed until after the baby is born.

What is Vaginal Dryness?

Vaginal dryness is one of the most distressing, and painful problems a woman faces.  Vaginal dryness occurs when the natural vagina secretions decreases within the vagina. The amount of vaginal moisture varies throughout a woman's monthly menstrual cycle. Vaginal dryness is particularly problematical as a woman enters and becomes menopausal.

What is menopause?

Menopause is a normal change in a woman's life when her period stops. That's why some people call menopause "the change of life" or "the change." During menopause a woman's body slowly produces less of the hormones estrogen and progesterone. This often happens between the ages of 45 and 55 years old. A woman has reached menopause when she has not had a period for 12 months in a row.

What is hormone therapy for menopause?

Hormone therapy for menopause has also been called hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Lower hormone levels in menopause may lead to hot flashes, vaginal dryness and thin bones. To help with these problems, women are often given estrogen or estrogen with progestin (another hormone). Like all medicines, hormone therapy has risks and benefits. Talk to your doctor, nurse, or pharmacist about hormones. If you decide to use hormones, use them at the lowest dose that helps. Also use them for the shortest time that you need them.

What are the symptoms of menopause?

Every woman's period will stop at menopause. Some women may not have any other symptoms at all. As you near menopause, you may have:

• Changes in your period--time between periods or flow may be different.

• Hot flashes ("hot flushes")--getting warm in the face, neck and chest.

• Night sweats and sleeping problems that lead to feeling tired, stressed or tense.

• Vaginal changes--the vagina may become dry and thin, and sex may be painful.

• Thinning of your bones, which may lead to loss of height and bone breaks (osteoporosis).

Who needs treatment for symptoms of menopause?

• For some women, many of these changes will go away over time without treatment.

• Some women will choose treatment for their symptoms and to prevent bone loss. If you choose treatment, estrogen alone or estrogen with progestin (for a woman who still has her uterus or womb) can be used.

What are the benefits from using hormones for menopause?

Hormone therapy is the most effective FDA approved medicine for relief of hot flashes, night sweats or vaginal dryness.

Hormones may reduce your chances of getting thin, weak bones (osteoporosis) which break easily.

What are the risks of using hormones?

For some women, hormone therapy may increase their chances of getting blood clots, heart attacks, strokes, breast cancer, and gall bladder disease. For a woman with a uterus, estrogen increases her chance of getting endometrial cancer (cancer of the uterine lining). Adding progestin lowers this risk.

Should I use estrogen just to prevent thin bones?

You can, but there are also other medicines and things you can do to help your bones.

Should I use hormone therapy to protect the heart or prevent strokes?

No, do not use hormone therapy to prevent heart attacks or strokes.

Should I use hormone therapy to prevent memory loss or Alzheimer's disease?

No, do not use hormone therapy to prevent memory loss or Alzheimer's disease.

Do hormones protect against aging and wrinkles or increase my sex drive?

Studies have not shown that hormone therapy prevents aging and wrinkles or increases sex drive.

How long should I use hormones for menopause?

You should talk to your doctor, nurse or pharmacist. Again, hormones should be used at the lowest dose that helps and for the shortest time. (For example, check if you still need them every 3-6 months.)

Does it make a difference what form of hormones I use for menopause?

The risks and benefits may be the same for all hormone products for menopause, such as pills, patches, vaginal creams, gels and rings.

Are herbs and other "natural" products useful in treating symptoms of menopause?

At this time, we do not know if herbs or other "natural" products are helpful or safe. Studies are being done to learn about the benefits and risks.Our thanks to the FDA that assisted in some of the content on this page.

Glossary Terms

abdomen (AB-do-men)

The area of the body that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs.

abdominal

Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs.

abnormal

Not normal. An abnormal lesion or growth may be cancerous, premalignant (likely to become cancer), or benign.

adenocarcinoma (AD-in-o-KAR-sih-NOH-muh)

Cancer that begins in cells that line certain internal organs and that have glandular (secretory) properties.

adjuvant therapy (AD-joo-vant)

Treatment given after the primary treatment to increase the chances of a cure. Adjuvant therapy may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, or biological therapy.

biopsy (BY-op-see)

The removal of cells or tissues for examination by a pathologist. The pathologist may study the tissue under a microscope or perform other tests on the cells or tissue. When only a sample of tissue is removed, the procedure is called an incisional biopsy. When an entire lump or suspicious area is removed, the procedure is called an excisional biopsy. When a sample of tissue or fluid is removed with a needle, the procedure is called a needle biopsy, core biopsy, or fine-needle aspiration.

bladder

The organ that stores urine.

cancer

A term for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control. Cancer cells can invade nearby tissues and can spread through the bloodstream and lymphatic system to other parts of the body. There are several main types of cancer. Carcinoma is cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. Sarcoma is cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue. Leukemia is cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow, and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the bloodstream. Lymphoma and multiple myeloma are cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system.

carcinoma in situ (KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SYE-too)

Cancer that involves only cells in the tissue in which it began and that has not spread to nearby tissues.

catheter (KATH-i-ter)

A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body.

cell

The individual unit that makes up the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells.

cervical (SER-vih-kul)

Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck. Cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the “neck”) of the uterus.

cervix (SER-viks)

The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina.

chemotherapy (kee-moh-THAYR-uh-pee)

Treatment with drugs that kill cancer cells.

chest x-ray

An x-ray of the structures inside the chest. An x-ray is a type of high-energy radiation that can go through the body and onto film, making pictures of areas inside the chest, which can be used to diagnose disease.

clear cell adenocarcinoma

A rare type of tumor, usually of the female genital tract, in which the inside of the cells look clear when viewed under a microscope. Also called clear cell carcinoma and mesonephroma.

clinical trial

A type of research study that tests how well new medical approaches work in people. These studies test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. Also called a clinical study.

clitoral adhesions

          Baby girls and women are born with special glands that are located on the inner
          surfaces of the clitoral hood.  These glands produce an oily substance called sebum that
          lubricates the glans of the clitoris. The glans of the clitoris is the end or the tip of the
          clitoris that is sometimes exposed or can be exposed when you retract the clitoral
          "hood."  The sebum that comes from the glands that surround the clitoris produces a
          shiny appearance on the glans of the clitoris. When the sebum or oily substances are
          not regulary cleaned or bathed away, it accumulates, and then it is called smegma. 
          Smegma has a white cheesy appearance, that becomes sticky and begins to adhere to
          the skin surrounding the vulva with greater, the longer it is not cleaned or washed
          away. Without proper care and hygiene, the smegma will collect under the hood that
          covers the clitoris and the glans of the clitoris, which can result in pain, irritation
          and/or inability to experience orgasm.  When the smegma is not properly cleansed
          from the vulva, and in particular, the areas surrounding and under the clitoral hood,
          the clitoral hood will adhere to the glans of the clitoris, which is referred to as a "clitoral
          adhesion."    When the clitoral hood adheres to the clitoris, either partially or entirely,
          this prevents the hood from properly protecting and caressing the glans, making
          orgasm difficult or impossible.

          It is very important for the glans of the clitoris to have adequate lubrication.  This
          permits the the clitoral hood to slide over the glans of the clitoris easily and without
          undue sensitivity or discomfort.  The clitoris, and especially the glans of the clitoris, is
          usually most sensitive to frictional stimulation, versus direct pressure. A woman's 
          masturbation methods almost always involve sliding the clitoral hood in various back
          and forth or circular motions across and over the glans of the clitoris.  Without proper
          lubrication from the glands next to the clitoris, pain will result in the stimulation of the
          clitoris and when there is movement of the clitoral hood.

clitoral glans 

          The glans of the clitoris is the end or the tip of the clitoris that you can see when you
          pull up the clitoral "hood" which then exposes the glans of the clitoris. There are all
          sizes, and shapes of clitoris, of which the glans averages the size of a pea or a pencil
          eraser.

clitoral hood

       The clitoral hood is that portion of the vulva where the labia minora come together
         above the vagina and urethra and looks like an inverted "v"  ^ .  The clitoral hood
         protects the clitoris and in particular, the glans of the clitoris which is very sensitive. 

clitoris

       A small, pea-shaped organ located at the top of a woman's vulva which is capable of
         becoming erect and providing sexual pleasure. 

colon (KO-lun)

The longest part of the large intestine, which is a tube-like organ connected to the small intestine at one end and the anus at the other. The colon removes water and some nutrients and electrolytes from partially digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus.

colposcope (KOL-puh-SKOPE)

A lighted magnifying instrument used to examine the vagina and cervix.

colposcopy (kol-POSS-koh-pee)

Examination of the vagina and cervix using a lighted magnifying instrument called a colposcope.

cone biopsy

Surgery to remove a cone-shaped piece of tissue from the cervix and cervical canal. Cone biopsy may be used to diagnose or treat a cervical condition. Also called conization.

contrast material

A dye or other substance that helps show abnormal areas inside the body. It is given by injection into a vein, by enema, or by mouth. Contrast material may be used with x-rays, CT scans, MRI, or other imaging tests.

CT scan

Computed tomography scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan.

cure

To heal or restore health; a treatment to restore health.

cystoscope (SISS-toh-SKOPE)

A thin, tube-like instrument used to look inside the bladder and urethra. A cystoscope has a light and a lens for viewing and may have a tool to remove tissue.

cystoscopy (siss-TOSS-koh-pee)

Examination of the bladder and urethra using a cystoscope, inserted into the urethra. A cystoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue to be checked under a microscope for signs of disease.

DES

Diethylstilbestrol (dye-ETH-ul-stil-BES-trol). A synthetic form of the hormone estrogen that was prescribed to pregnant women between about 1940 and 1971 because it was thought to prevent miscarriages. DES may increase the risk of uterine, ovarian, or breast cancer in women who took it. DES also has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina or cervix in daughters exposed to DES before birth.

diagnosis

The process of identifying a disease by the signs and symptoms.

discharge (DIS-charj)

In medicine, a fluid that comes out of the body. Discharge can be normal or a sign of disease. Discharge also means release of a patient from care.

drug

Any substance, other than food, that is used to prevent, diagnose, treat or relieve symptoms of a disease or abnormal condition. Also refers to a substance that alters mood or body function, or that can be habit-forming or addictive, especially a narcotic.

external radiation (ray-dee-AY-shun)

Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external-beam radiation.

fallopian tube (fa-LO-pee-in)

A slender tube through which eggs pass from an ovary to the uterus. In the female reproductive tract, there is one ovary and one fallopian tube on each side of the uterus.

fetus (FEET-us)

The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth.

fluid

Liquid.

gland

An organ that makes one or more substances, such as hormones, digestive juices, sweat, tears, saliva, or milk. Endocrine glands release the substances directly into the bloodstream. Exocrine glands release the substances into a duct or opening to the inside or outside of the body.

grade

The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer.

groin

The area where the thigh meets the abdomen.

human papillomavirus (pap-ih-LO-ma-VYE-rus)

HPV. A member of a family of viruses that can cause abnormal tissue growth (for example, genital warts) and other changes to cells. Infection with certain types of HPV may increase the risk of developing some types of cancer.

hysterectomy (hiss-ter-EK-toe-mee)

Surgery to remove the uterus and, sometimes, the cervix. When the uterus and part or all of the cervix are removed, it is called a total hysterectomy. When only the uterus is removed, it is called a partial hysterectomy.

incision (in-SIH-zhun)

A cut made in the body to perform surgery.

infection

Invasion and multiplication of germs in the body. Infections can occur in any part of the body and can spread throughout the body. The germs may be bacteria, viruses, yeast, or fungi. They can cause a fever and other problems, depending on where the infection occurs. When the body’s natural defense system is strong, it can often fight the germs and prevent infection. Some cancer treatments can weaken the natural defense system.

injection

Use of a syringe and needle to push fluids or drugs into the body; often called a "shot."

internal radiation (ray-dee-AY-shun)

A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near a tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy.

labia majora

          The labia majora are located and extend on either side of the vulva, and may are
          normally covered with pubic hair in adult women and girls going through puberty. The
          labia majora may entirely or partially hide the other parts of the vulva. The color of
          the outside skin of the labia majora is usually close to the overall skin color of the
          individual, although there may be considerable variation. The inside skin inside the
          labia majora is often pink or a light brown. 

         "Labia" comes from the Latin word "labium" which means "lips."

labia minora

        The labia minora are two soft folds of skin that are located within the labia majora of a
          woman or young girl's vulva and to either side of the opening of the vagina. The clitoris
          is located at the top or the front of the vulva where the labia minora meet at the top to
          form a "clitoral hood" that protects the glans of the clitoris.   The visible tip of the
          clitoris is called the clitoral glans, and may be entirely or partially covered by a "hood"
          of tissue (the clitoral hood).

          The coloration, size, shape and general appearance of the labia minora can vary
          extensively from girl to girl and woman to woman and girl to girl. In some women the
          labia minora are almost non-existent, and in others they can be fleshy and
          protruberant. 

          Some women are not happy with the shape or size of their labia minora, or clitoral
          hood, and may seek to have "clitoral hood removal" and/or "labia minora reduction." 
          Additionally, after child birth, many women notice that their labia minoras have grown
          and now extend considerably past their labia majora. They often describe their labia
          minoras as having a "floppy" feeling to them. For many women, this can cause extreme
          dis-comfort during sexual intercourse, as the labia minora are pulled within the vagina
          during intercourse.  For other women, wearing bikinis are no longer possible as their
          labia minora may "flop" out of their bikinis and cause embarrassment.

          "Labia" comes from the Latin word "labium" which means "lips."

labial adhesions

          Like clitoral adhesions, labial adhesions form in the same manner, except they are
          formed on the inner labia minora, and can "fuse" or cause the labia minora to stick
          together, which can lead to serious complications if not treated.  Girls and women
          have special lubricating glands within their vulva (not the vagina!) that produce an
          oily substance called "sebum" that lubricates the glans of the clitoris and the labia
          minora. The glans of the clitoris is the end or the tip of the clitoris that you can see
          when you retract, or pull up on the clitoral "hood."  The sebum that comes from the
          glands that surround the clitoris produces a shiny appearance on the glans of the
          clitoris. When the sebum or oily substances are not regulary cleaned or bathed away, it
          accumulates, and then it is called "smegma."  Smegma has a white cheesy appearance,
          that becomes sticky and begins to adhere to the skin surrounding the vulva with
          greater, the longer it is not cleaned or washed away. Without proper care and hygiene,
          the smegma will collect under the hood that covers the clitoris and the glans of the
          clitoris, which can result in pain, irritation and/or inability to experience orgasm.
          Additionally, the smegma, if not cleaned or washed away can cause the labia minora to
          "fuse" or to become stuck together, which can lead to serious complications, especially
          in young girls that have not yet learned how to wash and clan their vulvas.  
          When the smegma is not properly cleansed from the vulva, and in particular, the areas
          surrounding and under the clitoral hood, the clitoral hood will adhere to the glans of
          the clitoris, which is referred to as a "clitoral adhesion."  When the clitoral hood
          adheres to the clitoris, either partially or entirely, this prevents the hood from properly
          protecting and caressing the glans, making orgasm difficult or impossible.

          It is very important for the glans of the clitoris to have adequate lubrication.  This
          permits the the clitoral hood to slide over the glans of the clitoris easily and without
          undue sensitivity or discomfort.  The clitoris, and especially the glans of the clitoris, is
          usually most sensitive to frictional stimulation, versus direct pressure. A woman's 
          masturbation methods almost always involve sliding the clitoral hood in various back
          and forth or circular motions across and over the glans of the clitoris.  Without proper
          lubrication from the glands next to the clitoris, pain will result in the stimulation of the
          clitoris and when there is movement of the clitoral hood. 

laparoscope (LA-puh-ruh-SKOPE)

A thin, tube-like instrument used to look at tissues and organs inside the abdomen. A laparoscope has a light and a lens for viewing and may have a tool to remove tissue.

laparoscopy (la-puh-ROSS-koh-pee)

A procedure that uses a laparoscope, inserted through the abdominal wall, to examine the inside of the abdomen. A laparoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue to be checked under a microscope for signs of disease.

laser (LAY-zer)

A device that concentrates light into an intense, narrow beam used to cut or destroy tissue. It is used in microsurgery, photodynamic therapy, and for a variety of diagnostic purposes.

laser surgery

A surgical procedure that uses the cutting power of a laser beam to make bloodless cuts in tissue or to remove a surface lesion such as a tumor.

lesion (LEE-zhun)

An area of abnormal tissue. A lesion may be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

liver

A large organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile.

lung

One of a pair of organs in the chest that supplies the body with oxygen, and removes carbon dioxide from the body.

lymph node (limf node)

A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Lymph nodes filter lymph (lymphatic fluid), and they store lymphocytes (white blood cells). They are located along lymphatic vessels. Also called a lymph gland.

lymph vessel (limf)

A thin tube that carries lymph (lymphatic fluid) and white blood cells through the lymphatic system. Also called lymphatic vessel.

lymphadenectomy

A surgical procedure in which the lymph nodes are removed and examined to see whether they contain cancer. For a regional lymphadenectomy, some of the lymph nodes in the tumor area are removed; for a radical lymphadenectomy, most or all of the lymph nodes in the tumor area are removed. Also called lymph node dissection.

lymphangiogram (lim-FAN-jee-o-gram)

An x-ray of the lymphatic system. A dye is injected into a lymphatic vessel and travels throughout the lymphatic system. The dye outlines the lymphatic vessels and organs on the x-ray.

lymphatic system (lim-FAT-ik SIS-tem)

The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infections and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels (a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells). Lymphatic vessels branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body.

menstrual cycle (MEN-stroo-al)

The monthly cycle of hormonal changes from the beginning of one menstrual period to the beginning of the next.

MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging (mag-NET-ik REZ-o-nans IM-a-jing). A procedure in which radio waves and a powerful magnet linked to a computer are used to create detailed pictures of areas inside the body. These pictures can show the difference between normal and diseased tissue. MRI makes better images of organs and soft tissue than other scanning techniques, such as CT or x-ray. MRI is especially useful for imaging the brain, spine, the soft tissue of joints, and the inside of bones. Also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).

mucus (MYOO-kus)

A thick, slippery fluid made by the membranes that line certain organs of the body, including the nose, mouth, throat, and vagina.

nurse

A health professional trained to care for people who are ill or disabled.

organ

A part of the body that performs a specific function. For example, the heart is an organ.

ovary (O-va-ree)

One of a pair of female reproductive glands in which the ova, or eggs, are formed. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus.

palliative therapy (PA-lee-uh-tiv...)

Treatment given to relieve the symptoms and reduce the suffering caused by cancer and other life-threatening diseases. Palliative cancer therapies are given together with other cancer treatments, from the time of diagnosis, through treatment, survivorship, recurrent or advanced disease, and at the end of life.

Pap test

A procedure in which cells are scraped from the cervix for examination under a microscope. It is used to detect cancer and changes that may lead to cancer. A Pap test can also show noncancerous conditions, such as infection or inflammation. Also called a Pap smear.

pathologist (pa-THOL-o-jist)

A doctor who identifies diseases by studying cells and tissues under a microscope.

PDQ

Physician Data Query. PDQ is an online database developed and maintained by the National Cancer Institute. Designed to make the most current, credible, and accurate cancer information available to health professionals and the public, PDQ contains peer-reviewed summaries on cancer treatment, screening, prevention, genetics, complementary and alternative medicine, and supportive care; a registry of cancer clinical trials from around the world; and directories of physicians, professionals who provide genetics services, and organizations that provide cancer care. Most of this information, and more specific information about PDQ, can be found on the NCI's Web site at http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq.

pelvic

Having to do with the pelvis (the lower part of the abdomen located between the hip bones).

pelvic examination

A physical examination in which the health care professional will feel for lumps or changes in the shape of the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and rectum. The health care professional will also use a speculum to open the vagina to look at the cervix and take samples for a PAP test. Also called an internal examination.

pelvic exenteration

Surgery to remove the lower colon, rectum, and bladder, and create stomata (openings) through which urine and stool are passed out of the body. In women, the cervix, vagina, ovaries, and nearby lymph nodes are also removed.

pelvis

The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones.

physical examination

An exam of the body to check for general signs of disease.

proctoscopy (prok-TOS-koh-pee)

Examination of the rectum using a proctoscope, inserted into the rectum. A proctoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue to be checked under a microscope for signs of disease.

prognosis (prog-NO-sis)

The likely outcome or course of a disease; the chance of recovery or recurrence.

quality of life

The overall enjoyment of life. Many clinical trials assess the effects of cancer and its treatment on the quality of life. These studies measure aspects of an individual’s sense of well-being and ability to carry out various activities.

radiation (ray-dee-AY-shun)

Energy released in the form of particles or electromagnetic waves. Common sources of radiation include radon gas, cosmic rays from outer space, and medical x-rays.

radiation therapy (RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee)

The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy.

radioactive (RAY-dee-o-AK-tiv)

Giving off radiation.

radioactive seed

A small, radioactive pellet that is placed in or near a tumor. Cancer cells are killed by the energy given off as the radioactive material decays (breaks down).

radiosensitizer

A drug that makes tumor cells more sensitive to radiation therapy.

rectum

The last several inches of the large intestine. The rectum ends at the anus.

recur

To occur again.

recurrent cancer

Cancer that has returned after a period of time during which the cancer could not be detected. The cancer may come back to the same place as the original (primary) tumor or to another place in the body. Also called recurrence.

regional chemotherapy (REE-juh-nul KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee)

Treatment with anticancer drugs directed to a specific area of the body.

risk factor

Something that may increase the chance of developing a disease. Some examples of risk factors for cancer include age, a family history of certain cancers, use of tobacco products, certain eating habits, obesity, lack of exercise, exposure to radiation or other cancer-causing agents, and certain genetic changes.

skin graft

Skin that is moved from one part of the body to another.

speculum (SPEK-yoo-lum)

An instrument used to widen an opening of the body to make it easier to look inside.

spinal column (SPY-nul KAH-lum)

The bones, muscles, tendons, and other tissues that reach from the base of the skull to the tailbone. The spinal column encloses the spinal cord and the fluid surrounding the spinal cord. Also called spine, backbone, and vertebral column.

squamous cell (SKWAY-mus)

Flat cell that looks like a fish scale under a microscope. These cells cover inside and outside surfaces of the body. They are found in the tissues that form the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body (such as the bladder, kidney, and uterus), and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts.

squamous cell carcinoma (SKWAY-mus sel KAR-sih-NOH-muh)

Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells that look like fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma.

stage

The extent of a cancer in the body. Staging is usually based on the size of the tumor, whether lymph nodes contain cancer, and whether the cancer has spread from the original site to other parts of the body.

staging (STAY-jing)

Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. It is important to know the stage of the disease in order to plan the best treatment.

standard therapy

In medicine, treatment that experts agree is appropriate, accepted, and widely used. Health care providers are obligated to provide patients with standard therapy. Also called standard of care or best practice.

stoma (STO-ma)

A surgically created opening from an area inside the body to the outside.

stool

The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces.

surgery (SER-juh-ree)

A procedure to remove or repair a part of the body or to find out whether disease is present. An operation.

symptom

An indication that a person has a condition or disease. Some examples of symptoms are headache, fever, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and pain.

systemic chemotherapy (sis-TEH-mik kee-moh-THAYR-uh-pee)

Treatment with anticancer drugs that travel through the blood to cells all over the body.

therapy

Treatment.

tissue (TISH-oo)

A group or layer of cells that work together to perform a specific function.

topical chemotherapy (TAH-pih-kul KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee)

Treatment with anticancer drugs in a lotion or cream applied to the skin.

total hysterectomy (hiss-ter-EK-toe-mee)

Surgery to remove the entire uterus, including the cervix. Sometimes, not all of the cervix is removed. Also called complete hysterectomy.

tumor (TOO-mer)

An abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should or do not die when they should. Tumors may be benign (not cancerous), or malignant (cancerous). Also called neoplasm.

ureter (yoo-REE-ter)

The tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder.

ureteroscopy (yoo-REE-ter-OS-koh-pee)

Examination of the inside of the kidney and ureter, using a ureteroscope. A ureteroscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue to be checked under a microscope for signs of disease. The ureteroscope is passed through the urethra into the bladder, ureter, and renal pelvis (part of the kidney that collects, holds, and drains urine).

urethra (yoo-REE-thra)

The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder.

urine (YOOR-in)

Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra.

uterus (YOO-ter-us)

The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a baby grows. Also called the womb.

vagina (vuh-JYE-na)

The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal.

vaginal

Having to do with the vagina (the birth canal).

vaginectomy (vaj-ih-NEK-toh-mee)

Surgery to remove part or all of the vagina (the birth canal).

vulva

The external female genital organs, including the clitoris, vaginal lips, and the opening to the vagina.

wide local excision (…ek-SIH-zhun)

Surgery to cut out the cancer and some healthy tissue around it.

womb

The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a baby grows. Also called the uterus.

x-ray

A type of high-energy radiation. In low doses, x-rays are used to diagnose diseases by making pictures of the inside of the body. In high doses, x-rays are used to treat cancer.

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Adhesiolysis     Birth Control Sponge     Bladder Neck Suspension    Cervical Cancer     Cervical Mucus Method     

Clitoral Adhesions     Colposuspension     Depression Help     Essential Trace Minerals     

Female Sexual Health     Female Urinary Incontinence    Feminine Deodorant   Feminine Hygiene 

Feminine Itching     Feminine Odor     Feminine Wipes   Gynecology for Guys     Gynecologic Disorders 

Gynecologic Laparoscopy     Gynecologic Urology   Labial Adhesions     Menarche     Menstrual Disorders

Menstrual Hygiene     Menstruation    Natural Hormone Cream     Natural Progesterone Cream

Organic Cotton Tampons     Organic For Life    Organic Trace Minerals     Painful Periods     Pelvic Adhesions

Pelvic Floor Dysfunction     Pelvic Floor Reconstruction    Pelvic Inflammatory Disease     Pelvic Laparoscopy

Pelvic Organ Prolapse     Pelvic Reconstructive Surgery    Period Protection     Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Pregnancy and Childbirth     Premature Ovarian Failure     Premenstrual Syndrome     Prolapsed Uterus     Puberty

Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery     Sacrocolpopexy     Sanitary Protection     Suburethral Sling     Tampon Safety

SymptoThermal Method     Toxic Shock Syndrome     Urinary Tract Infections     Urethropexy    Uro-Gynecology

Vaginal Birth After Cesarean     Vaginal Dryness     Vaginal Hygiene     Vaginal Moisturizers    Vaginal Odor

Vaginal Relaxation     Vaginal Sponge     Vaginal Vault Prolapse     Vaginal Yeast Infection     Vulva Health     

Vulvar Diseases     Vulvar Vestibulitis     Vulvovaginal     Vulvovaginitis

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